Coming Back from the Brink: The Fur Seals of Antarctica
Once hunted to the brink of extinction, the Antarctic fur seal is one of the most populous and charismatic species of seal you’re likely to see during your Antarctica trips. Unlike other members of its large family, the fur seal has external ears, or pinnae, a short snout, and a thick coat of dark brown fur. Male seals tend to be larger than females, and range in weight from 91 kg (200 lbs.) to 215 kg (474 lbs.).
Diet
Most of the fur seal’s diet consists of many different species of Antarctic fish, squid, and plenty of krill. This strict diet of sea creatures no doubt contributes to their unpleasant odor that greets you before you even lay eyes on them! During foraging trips, fur seals can dive to a depth of 180 meters (590 ft.) and hold their breath for up to 10 minutes.
Breeding behavior
From October to November, bulls will establish breeding territories along the beaches of Antarctica in hopes of securing a female. Fur seals have historically exhibited polygynous mating behavior. This means that a male will mate with multiple females during one season. During a successful breeding season, a male fur seal, or a “bull”, will mate with as many as 20 females!
Once mates and territories are established, they will become increasingly aggressive and defensive. Vocalizations, including a guttural growl, lunging, and displaying are all typical defensive behaviors of male fur seals. Territorial disputes commonly break out between males, which can lead to serious injuries and even death. After mating, males will leave the pregnant females behind to raise the pups while he finds more females to mate with. Gestation lasts approximately 12 months, and females will give birth to one pup. For the next four months, mothers will spend their time weaning their pups and feeding out in the ocean.
Predators of fur seals
Even as a top predator in the waters of Antarctica, the fur seal still faces quite a bit of danger, especially as a pup. Leopard seals, some of the most vicious Antarctic predators, quickly figure out pup colonies are located. The pups are most vulnerable when they’re learning how to swim for the first time, especially since they are no longer under their mother’s supervision. Unfortunately, many pups meet their end this way. Killer whales are one of the only other predator of the fur seal, and will swim into shallow waters and wait for adults to return from foraging trips.
Sealing in Antarctica
During the 18th and 19th centuries, the United States and Great Britain heavily hunted the Antarctic fur seal throughout its range. Their extremely soft pelts were used to adorn clothing, and were considered highly fashionable, and were in high demand. Although unregulated hunting had detrimental effects to fur seal populations, this activity was responsible for much of the early exploration of the continent. Unfortunately, this increased hunting pressure found the fur seal at the brink of extinction by the early 20th century. The outlook was grim for the seals, but even with a greatly reduced population, conservation and preservation was still possible.
In 1972, the Antarctic Treaty System established the continent and waters of Antarctica as protected areas where no hunting or collecting of seals, or other marine mammals, could occur. With this intense hunting pressure relieved, fur seals were able to proliferate throughout their range and surpass their pre-sealing population numbers.
Conservation
Currently, the Antarctic fur seal is a protected species under CITES (Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species), and a branch of the Antarctic Treaty System dedicated to seals called the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals. According to these stringent laws, no fur seals can be “taken”, or collected and transported internationally in any way for any purpose without government-issued permits. Violations of these laws can result in fines, and even jail time for repeat offenders.
Since the establishment of these laws, fur seal populations have increased exponentially throughout Antarctica. Researchers suggest that there may be between two and four million individuals breeding at South Georgia, where whaling pressure was exceptionally high during the 19th and 20th centuries. In the absence of whales, krill populations soared, providing a steady and reliable food source for other Antarctic wildlife species, including the fur seal. This uninterrupted food source allowed populations to sharply increase.
Many researchers have become increasingly concerned with the fur seals’ population explosion and overcrowding of individuals at breeding and haul-out sites, which has directly linked to a decrease in Antarctic grass populations. There simply isn’t enough room to accommodate millions of seals! As the population continues to increase, researchers are beginning to suggest the loosening of conservation laws to prevent the damage to sensitive plant species. Further action on this issue has yet to be taken.
Like many other sea-dwelling species, the Antarctic fur seal faces an uncertain future with the increase of ocean pollution, plastic abundance, and global climate change. Changing ocean temperatures directly influence prey abundance and availability, which can have potentially negative effects on their population size.
Where to see fur seals
One of the best places for Antarctic fur seal spotting is South Georgia. You’ll most likely smell them before you see them, but make sure to keep a careful eye out! Their summer fur blends in perfectly with the lichen-covered ground, camouflaging them perfectly with their surroundings. Their aggressive behavior is well documented, and they have even been known to chase and bite humans that tread a little too close. Make sure to keep a safe distance!